Nitrogen-fixing Leguminous Symbioses

<P>Preface to the Series, Preface, List of Contributors, Dedication</P>
<P><STRONG>1. Evolution and Diversity of Legume Symbiosis:</STRONG><EM> J. I. Sprent <BR></EM>1. Introduction<BR>2. The Diversity of Legume Nodules <BR>3. The First 700 Million Years <BR>4. The Last 60 Million Years <BR>5. The Present <BR>6. Conclusions <BR>References</P>
<P><STRONG>2. Ecology of Root-nodule Bacteria of Legumes:</STRONG><EM> P. H. Graham</EM> <BR>1. Introduction<BR>2. Taxonomy of Root-nodule Bacteria<BR>3. Population Structure of Rhizobia in Soil and Rhizosphere<BR>4. Above and Below Ground Diversity and Symbiotic Function<BR>5. Strain Competitiveness, Rhizosphere Colonization, and Persistence<BR>6. Edaphic Factors Affecting Rhizobia<BR>7. Future Dimensions of Rhizobial Ecology<BR>References</P>
<P><STRONG>3. Maintaining Cooperation in the Legume-Rhizobia Symbiosis: Identifying Selection Pressures and Mechanisms:</STRONG> <EM>E. T. Kiers, S. A. West and R. F. Denison</EM><BR>1. Introduction<BR>2. Explaining Cooperation: The Problem <BR>3. Explaining Cooperation: The Hypothesis <BR>4. Cheating and Mixed Nodules<BR>5. Future Directions<BR>6. Conclusions<BR>Acknowledgements<BR>References</P>
<P><STRONG>4. Inoculation Technology for Legumes:</STRONG><EM> D. F. Herridge</EM><BR>1. Introduction<BR>2. The Need to Inoculate<BR>3. Selection of Rhizobial Strains for Use in Inoculants<BR>4. Inoculants in the Market Place<BR>5. Pre-inoculated and Custom-inoculated Seed<BR>6. Co-inoculation of Legumes with Rhizobia and Other Beneficial Microorganisms<BR>7. Quality Control of Legume Inoculants<BR>8. Constraints to Inoculant Use and Future Prospects<BR>9. Concluding Statements<BR>References</P>
<P><STRONG>5. Fine-tuning of Symbiotic Genes in Rhizobia: Flavonoid Signal Transduction Cascade: </STRONG><EM>H. Kobayashi and W. J. Broughton</EM><BR>1. Introduction <BR>2. NODD and NOD-boxes: Central Elements in Transduction of Flanovoid Signals<BR>3. Functions of Genes Controlled by NOD-boxes4. Fine-tuning Expression of Symbiotic Genes in Restricted Host-Range Rhizobia<BR>5. Post-genomic Studies: Do Flavonoids Regulate Other Genes?<BR>6. Conclusion and Perspectives: Roles of Flavonoid-inducible Regulons in Symbiosis, Signaling, and Adaptation<BR>References </P>
<P><STRONG>6. Cell Biology of Nodule Infection and Development:</STRONG> <EM>N. Maunoury, A. Kondorosi, E. Kondorosi and P. Mergaert<BR></EM>1. Introduction<BR>2. Nod-factor Signalling <BR>3. Cortical-cell Activation Leading to Primordium Formation and Infection<BR>4. Secondary Signals for Nod Factor-induced Cell Activation<BR>5. Differentiation of N<SUB>2</SUB>-fixing Cells: The Role of Endoreduplication<BR>6. Bacteroid Differentiation<BR>7. Nitrogen Fixation<BR>8. Senescence of Nodules<BR>References</P>
<P><STRONG>7. Genetics, A Way to Unravel Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Rhizobial-Legume Symbiosis:</STRONG><EM> P. Smit and T. Bisseling</EM><BR>1. Introduction<BR>2. Model Legumes<BR>3. Genetic Dissection of the Nod Factor-Signalling Pathway<BR>4. Nature of the Nod-factor Receptors<BR>5. The DMI Proteins<BR>6. NSPs are Nod Factor-Response Factors<BR>7. NIN is a Nod Factor-Response Factor<BR>8. Autoregulation of Nodule Number<BR>9. Concluding Remarks<BR>References</P>
<P><STRONG>8. Legume Genomics Relevant to N<SUB>2</SUB> Fixation:</STRONG> <EM>L. Schauser, M. Udvardi, S. Tabata and J. Stougaard</EM><BR>1. Introduction<BR>2. Genomes<BR>3. Transcriptome Analysis<BR>4. Proteomic <BR>5. Metabolomics<BR>6. Genetic Analysis Using Genomics<BR>7. Comparative Genomics <BR>8. Conclusions<BR>References </P>
<P><STRONG>9. Physiology of Root-nodule Bacteria:</STRONG> <EM>P. S. Poole, M. F. Hynes, A. W. B. Johnston, R. P. Tiwari, W. G. Reeve and J. A. Downie</EM> <BR>1. Introduction<BR>2. Introduction to Central Metabolism<BR>3. Metabolism and the Environment<BR>4. Micronutrition, Metals, and Vitamins<BR>5. Environmental Responses of Rhizobia<BR>6. Changes in Gene Expression in Bacteroids<BR>7. Stress Responses in Rhizobia<BR>References </P>
<P><STRONG>10. Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Legume Nodules:</STRONG> <EM>C. P. Vance</EM> <BR>1. Legume Root Nodules are Carbon and Nitrogen Factories<BR>2. Nodule Carbon Metabolism<BR>3. Sucrose Synthase<BR>4. Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase<BR>5. Carbonic Anhydrase<BR>6. Malate Dehydrogenase<BR>7. Initial Assimilation of Fixed-N<BR>8. Glutamine Synthetase<BR>9. Glutamate Synthase<BR>10. Aspartate Aminotransferase<BR>11. Asparagine Synthetase<BR>12. Ureide Biosynthesis<BR>13. Genomic Insights<BR>14. Overview<BR>References</P>
<P><STRONG>11. Oxygen Diffusion, Production of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species, and Antioxidants in Legume Nodules:</STRONG> <EM>F. R. Minchin, E. K. James and M. Becana</EM> <BR>1. Introduction <BR>2. Physiological Evidence for a Variable Oxygen-diffusion Barrier <BR>3. Structure of the Cortical Oxygen-diffusion Barrier <BR>4. Development of the Cortical Oxygen-diffusion Barrier <BR>5. Regulation of the Cortical Oxygen-diffusion Barrier <BR>6. Infected Zone Control <BR>7. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Nodules <BR>8. Antioxidants in Nodules <BR>9. Concluding Remarks <BR>References </P>
<P><STRONG>12. Prospects for the Future Use of Legumes:</STRONG> <EM>J. G. Howieson, R. J. Yates, K, Foster, D. Real and B. Besier<BR></EM>1. Introduction<BR>2. Current and Past Legume-Usage Patterns<BR>3. New Uses for Legumes<BR>4. Matching Legumes and the Symbiosis to Edaphic and Economic Factors<BR>5. Utilising the Basic Advances<BR>6. Conclusions<BR>References</P>
<P>Subject Index</P>